CHANGER LES LUNETTES

Guerre, migration, durabilité.

 La conversion

 nécessaire

 

- par Mauro Magatti

 Il existe un échec culturel qui empêche d'aborder avec succès les nombreuses questions de notre époque : dans le monde interconnecté dans lequel nous vivons, nous continuons à raisonner et à agir selon la logique de l'indépendance, alors que tout est devenu interdépendant.

 Dans la science contemporaine, les théories des systèmes complexes - en particulier les systèmes vivants - affirment que le tout est supérieur à la partie. Un principe également rappelé par le pape François dans Evangelii gaudium.

Affirmer cela n'implique pas que la partie disparaisse, absorbée par une logique de système.

Plus simplement, cela signifie que chaque élément, qui jouit également d'une autonomie, n'existe que par rapport au tout et aux autres.

Cette idée simple, ancienne et désormais reconnue par la science, ne parvient pas à devenir une culture commune, c'est-à-dire à guider les choix des grands décideurs, politiques et économiques, et à transformer la manière dont nous vivons et organisons nos sociétés.

Avec pour conséquence d'empêcher l'adoption de la perspective nécessaire pour dénouer les nœuds complexes de notre époque.

Prenons la question de la durabilité.

La prise de conscience que notre modèle de croissance a des effets destructeurs sur l'écosystème a enfin permis de faire de nombreux progrès.

Mais les solutions sont difficiles à trouver. Chacun (pays, entreprise, citoyen) aborde la question de son propre point de vue, en veillant à ne pas payer plus que les autres.

Mais cela rend difficile, voire impossible, les choix que nous savons devoir faire.

Les scientifiques nous disent que, avec une certitude raisonnable, des régions entières du globe sont destinées à subir une détérioration drastique de leurs conditions de vie.

Les migrants

En 2022, on comptait déjà plus de 100 millions de migrants forcés, dont un tiers pour des raisons climatiques (selon la Banque mondiale, ils devraient être plus de 200 millions dans les deux décennies à venir). Si tel est le scénario, peut-on raisonnablement penser qu'il existe des solutions (murs et "relocalisations") qui ne s'attaquent pas aux raisons de la mobilité humaine ?

La vérité est que la durabilité et la migration sont des questions qui doivent être abordées ensemble par le biais de politiques de collaboration capables de gérer un problème (le changement climatique) qui a des effets différents sur les territoires individuels, même s'il découle d'une cause commune.

Aucun pays, aucune entreprise, aucun individu ne peut imaginer gérer ce nœud sans tenir compte des interconnexions mondiales.

La guerre

Un deuxième exemple provient de la guerre, en particulier de la guerre en Ukraine.

La décision irréfléchie de Poutine d'attaquer un État voisin, dans le but de déplacer la frontière russe de quelques centaines de kilomètres, s'est révélée totalement erronée, notamment parce qu'elle était anachronique.

Une décision prise avec les catégories des XIXe et XXe siècles. Comme des ondes telluriques, les conséquences de la guerre en Ukraine se sont répandues partout à travers la crise des approvisionnements énergétiques, des céréales et autres matières premières, les effets inflationnistes et la redéfinition des relations géopolitiques.

La guerre est toujours une erreur. Mais elle l'est encore plus dans un monde où les interdépendances font que les enjeux locaux sont toujours, en même temps, globaux.

Et il est clair aujourd'hui que la sortie de l'erreur tragique de Poutine doit être recherchée dans les nœuds qui se sont encore resserrés au cours des 16 derniers mois.

Les différentes parties de la planète sont de plus en plus liées à un destin commun.

Après le grand saut produit par la mondialisation à la fin du XXe siècle, nous nous trouvons aujourd'hui à un point de non-retour : dans cette nouvelle configuration historique (il faut insister sur sa nouveauté, encore trop peu reconnue), une conversion des perspectives s'impose.

Une nouvelle intelligence

Ou plutôt une nouvelle intelligence qui, en se mettant à l'écoute de la réalité (pour citer encore Evangelii gaudium, "la réalité est supérieure à l'idée"), est capable d'écarter l'obtus qui dérive du fait de se placer dans le monde exclusivement de son propre point de vue : jamais il n'a été aussi évident que personne n'est sauvé seul, que nous sommes tous liés, qu'il y a un bien de toute l'humanité à partir duquel nous devons résoudre les questions locales, que chaque intérêt particulier n'est légitime que par rapport à l'intérêt général. Cette perspective est également nécessaire pour imaginer et construire les nouvelles institutions dont nous avons un besoin urgent pour régler les conflits, délimiter les temps et les modes de transition, réorienter les énormes ressources financières disponibles et gérer les situations d'urgence.

Il y a trop de gens qui continuent à regarder le présent avec les vieilles lunettes du siècle dernier.

Et qui, précisément pour cette raison, provoquent de grands désastres et autant de souffrances.

www.avvenire.it  

UN - ONU - INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS DAY - en-fr- es

All migrants are entitled to equal protection of all their human rights. On this International Day, 

I urge leaders and people everywhere to bring the Global Compact to life, so that migration works for all.

 Tous les migrants ont droit à une égale protection de tous leurs droits fondamentaux. Ces principes sont consacrés dans le Pacte mondial pour des migrations sûres, ordonnées et régulières. (...) En cette Journée internationale, j’exhorte les dirigeants et les populations du monde entier à donner vie au Pacte mondial, de sorte que les migrations soient bénéfiques à tous.

 Todos los migrantes tienen derecho a igual protección de todos sus derechos humanos. En este Día Internacional, insto a los líderes y a las personas de todo el mundo a que den vida al Pacto Mundial, para que la migración funcione para todos.

UN Secretary-General António Guterres

Throughout human history, migration has been a courageous expression of the individual’s will to overcome adversity and to live a better life. Today, globalization, together with advances in communications and transportation, has greatly increased the number of people, who have the desire and the capacity to move to other places.

This new era has created challenges and opportunities for societies throughout the world. It also has served to underscore the clear linkage between migration and development, as well as the opportunities it provides for co-development, that is, the concerted improvement of economic and social conditions at both origin and destination.

Migration draws increasing attention in the world nowadays. Mixed with elements of unforeseeability, emergency, and complexity, the challenges and difficulties of international migration require enhanced cooperation and collective action among countries and regions. The United Nations is actively playing a catalyst role in this area, with the aim of creating more dialogues and interactions within countries and regions, as well as propelling experience exchange and collaboration opportunities.

INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS DAY 

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UNESCO - MIGRANT, REFUGEEE CHILDREN DO NOT GET EQUAL OPPURTINITIES IN EDUCATION

The 2019 GEM Report continues its assessment of progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) on education and its ten targets, as well as other related education targets in the SDG agenda.

Its main focus is on the theme of migration and displacement. It presents evidence on the implications of different types of migration and displacement for education systems but also the impact that reforming education curricula and approaches to pedagogy and teacher preparation can have on addressing the challenges and opportunities posed by migration and displacement. It gives voice to experiences in host and home communities.

With the help of case studies, it illustrates approaches which work and could be scaled up. In this way, it aims to be a tool for practitioners. It will make the case for investing in education of good quality in rural areas suffering from depopulation and in slum areas suffering from large population inflows; in countries with high rates of emigration and those with high rates of immigration; in short-term refugee emergencies and in protracted crises. Its analysis, conclusions and recommendations advance the aims of SDG 4 and its call to leave no one behind. 

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EXPANDING THE FORTRESS -- EXPANDIENDO LA FORTALEZA

The policies, the profiteers and the people shaped by EU's border externalisation programme

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The EU has made migration control a central goal of its foreign relations, rapidly expanding border externalisation measures that require neighbouring countries to act as Europe's border guards. This report examines 35 countries, prioritised by the EU, and finds authoritarian regimes emboldened to repress civil society, vulnerable refugees forced to turn to more dangerous and deadly routes, and European arms and security firms booming off the surge in funding for border security systems and technologies.

The plight of the world’s 66 million forcibly displaced persons seems to only trouble the European Union’s conscience when the media spotlight turns on a tragedy at Europe’s borders. Only one European nation – Germany - is even in the top ten countries worldwide that receive refugees leaving the vast majority of forcibly displaced persons hosted by some of the world’s poorest nations. The invisibility therefore is only broken when border communities such as Calais, Lampedusa, Lesvos become featured in the news as desperate people fleeing violence end up dead, detained or trapped.

These tragedies aren’t just unfortunate results of war or conflict elsewhere, they are also the direct result of Europe’s policies on migration since the Schengen agreement in 1985. This approach has focused on fortifying borders, developing ever more sophisticated surveillance and tracking of people, and increasing deportations while providing ever fewer legal options for residency despite ever greater need. This has led many forcibly displaced persons unable to enter Europe legally and forced into ever more dangerous routes to escape violence and conflict.

What is less well-known is that the same European-made tragedy plays out well beyond our borders in countries as far away as Senegal and Azerbaijan. This is due to another pillar of Europe’s approach to migration, known as border externalisation. Since 1992 and even more aggressively since 2005, the EU has developed policies to externalise Europe’s border so that forcibly displaced people never get to Europe’s borders in the first place. This involves agreements with Europe’s neighbouring countries to accept deported persons and to adopt the same policies of border control, improved tracking of people and fortified borders as Europe. In other words, these agreements have turned Europe’s neighbours into Europe’s new border guards. And because they are so far from Europe’s shores and media, the impacts are almost completely invisible to EU citizens.

This report seeks to shine a spotlight on the policies that underpin this externalisation of Europe’s borders, the agreements that have been signed, the corporations and entities that profit, and the consequences for forcibly displaced people as well as the countries and populations that host them. It is the third in a series titled Border Wars that have examined Europe’s border policies and shown how the arms and security industry has helped shape European border security policies and have then reaped the rewards for ever more border security measures and contracts.

This report shows a significant growth in border externalisation measures and agreements since 2005 and a massive acceleration since the November 2015 Valletta Europe – Africa Summit. Using a plethora of new instruments, in particular the EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa (EUTF), the Migration Partnership Framework and the Refugee Facility for Turkey, the European Union and individual member states are now providing millions of euros for an array of projects to stop migration of certain people from taking place on or across European territory……

 Read: Expanding the fortress

Look at:  https://youtu.be/SsssVTm2fi4

MIGRATIONS, A CHALLENGE FOR PEOPLE AND GOVERNMENTS

Pope Francis:

" .... At this time, when the International Community is engaged in two processes aimed at the adoption of two global compacts, one on refugees and the other on safe, orderly and regular migration, I encourage you in your work and your efforts to ground responsibility for the shared global management of international migration in the values of justice, solidarity and compassion. This demands a change in mindset: we must move from considering others as threats to our comfort to valuing them as persons whose life experience and values can contribute greatly to the enrichment of our society. For this to happen, our basic approach must be “to encounter the other, to welcome, to know and to acknowledge him or her” (Homily for the World Day of Migrants and Refugees, 14 January 2018).

In order to acknowledge and respond to the current migration situation, the assistance of the entire international community is needed, since its transnational dimension exceeds the capacities and resources of many States. Such international cooperation is important at every stage of migration: from departing one’s country of origin all the way to reaching one’s destination, as well as facilitating reentry and transit. In each of these countries, migrants are vulnerable, feeling alone and isolated. The recognition of this fact is vitally important if we wish to give a concrete and dignified response to this humanitarian challenge.

Finally, I would like to point out that the issue of migration is not simply one of numbers, but of persons, each with his or her own history, culture, feelings and aspirations… These persons, our brothers and sisters, need “ongoing protection”, independently of whatever migrant status they may have. 

Their fundamental rights and their dignity need to be protected and defended.

Particular concern must be shown for migrant children and their families, those who are victims of human trafficking rings, and those displaced due to conflicts, natural disasters and persecution. 

All of them hope that we will have the courage to tear down the wall of “comfortable and silent complicity” that worsens their helplessness; they are waiting for us to show them concern, compassion and devotion.

I give thanks to God for your work and service, and I encourage you to continue your efforts to respond to the plea of our brothers and sisters, who ask us to recognize them as such, to give them an opportunity to live in dignity and peace, and in so doing, to contribute to the development of peoples.... "

From the Vatican, 14 June 2018

Read: MIGRATION    EN  - ES  - IT 

FAO: Pope Francis urges action on climate change and conflict to address migration - " Introducir en el lenguaje de la cooperación internacional la categoría del amor"

Pope Francis called for governments around the world to collaborate to make migration a safer and voluntary choice, arguing that assuring food security for all requires tackling climate change and ending conflicts. He made the call at the global ceremony to mark World Food Day, held at the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) headquarters. This year's theme focuses on addressing migration through investing in food security and rural development. "It is clear that wars and climatic change are a cause of hunger, so let's not present it as if hunger is an incurable disease," the pontiff said during his key note address.  He called for a total commitment to gradual and systematic disarmament, and urged a change to lifestyles, the use of resources and the production and consumption of food to protect the planet. In reference to the development of the Global Compact on Safe, Regular and Orderly Migration - the first agreement of its kind negotiated by governments under the auspices of the UN - he said, "Managing human mobility requires a coordinated, systematic intergovernmental action in line with existing international norms, and full of love and intelligence".  "What is at stake is the credibility of the whole international system," he added.  He also said it was unfortunate that "some" countries are moving away from the Paris Agreement on climate change. ......

                                 http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/1043699/icode/

 DISCURSO DEL SANTO PADRE - DISCORSO DI PAPA FRANCESCO  

 

Papa Francisco" ...   me hago a mí mismo, y también a vosotros, una pregunta: ¿Sería exagerado introducir en el lenguaje de la cooperación internacional la categoría del amor, conjugada como gratuidad, igualdad de trato, solidaridad, cultura del don, fraternidad, misericordia? Estas palabras expresan, efectivamente, el contenido práctico del término «humanitario», tan usado en la actividad internacional. Amar a los hermanos, tomando la iniciativa, sin esperar a ser correspondidos, es el principio evangélico que encuentra también expresión en muchas culturas y religiones, convirtiéndose en principio de humanidad en el lenguaje de las relaciones internacionales. Es menester que la diplomacia y las instituciones multilaterales alimenten y organicen esta capacidad de amar, porque es la vía maestra que garantiza, no sólo la seguridad alimentaria, sino la seguridad humana en su aspecto global. No podemos actuar sólo si los demás lo hacen, ni limitarnos a tener piedad, porque la piedad se limita a las ayudas de emergencia, mientras que el amor inspira la justicia y es esencial para llevar a cabo un orden social justo entre realidades distintas que aspiran al encuentro recíproco. Amar significa contribuir a que cada país aumente la producción y llegue a una autosuficiencia alimentaria. Amar se traduce en pensar en nuevos modelos de desarrollo y de consumo, y en adoptar políticas que no empeoren la situación de las poblaciones menos avanzadas o su dependencia externa. Amar significa no seguir dividiendo a la familia humana entre los que gozan de lo superfluo y los que carecen de lo necesario.... "

"....... mi pongo – e vi pongo – questa domanda: è troppo pensare di introdurre nel linguaggio della cooperazione internazionale la categoria dell’amore, declinata come gratuità, parità nel trattare, solidarietà, cultura del dono, fraternità, misericordia? In effetti, queste parole esprimono il contenuto pratico del termine “umanitario”, tanto in uso nell’attività internazionale. Amare i fratelli e farlo per primi, senza attendere di essere corrisposto: è questo un principio evangelico che trova riscontro in tante culture e religioni e diventa principio di umanità nel linguaggio delle relazioni internazionali. E’ auspicabile che la diplomazia e le Istituzioni multilaterali alimentino e organizzino questa capacità di amare, perché è la via maestra che garantisce non solo la sicurezza alimentare, ma la sicurezza umana nella sua globalità. Non possiamo operare solo se lo fanno gli altri, né limitarci ad avere pietà, perché la pietà si ferma agli aiuti di emergenza, mentre l’amore ispira la giustizia ed è essenziale per realizzare un giusto ordine sociale tra realtà diverse che vogliono correre il rischio dell’incontro reciproco. Amare vuol dire contribuire affinché ogni Paese aumenti la produzione e giunga all’autosufficienza alimentare. Amare si traduce nel pensare nuovi modelli di sviluppo e di consumo, e nell’adottare politiche che non aggravino la situazione delle popolazioni meno avanzate o la loro dipendenza esterna. Amare significa non .continuare a dividere la famiglia umana tra chi ha il superfluo e chi manca del necessario. ..... "

MIGRATION CRISIS: SHARE THE JOURNEY - COMPARTIENDO EL VIAJE - PARTAGER LE CHEMIN

War, exploitation, poverty, natural disasters or the desire for a fairer, better life, are causing people to leave their homes.

It’s one of the greatest challenges of our time.

As a result, our world faces not a migration crisis, but a crisis of global solidarity. Be part of a worldwide campaign to reach out to migrants, change perceptions, open hearts and minds, and strengthen the bonds that unite us all.

La guerre, l’exploitation, la pauvreté, les catastrophes naturelles ou encore le désir d’une vie meilleure et plus juste poussent les personnes à quitter leur maison. C’est l’un des plus grands enjeux de notre temps.

En conséquence, notre monde affronte non pas une crise migratoire mais une crise de solidarité mondiale. Prenez part à l’effort mondial de tendre la main aux migrants, de changer les mentalités et les relations et de renforcer les liens qui nous unissent tous.

La guerra, la explotación, la pobreza, las catástrofes naturales o el deseo de una vida más justa y mejor provocan el abandono del propio hogar y consecuente desplazamiento. Este es uno de los mayores desafíos de nuestro tiempo.

Como resultado, nuestro mundo no se enfrenta a una crisis migratoria, sino a una crisis de solidaridad global. Participe en una iniciativa mundial para ayudar a los migrantes, cambiar las mentes y las relaciones y fortalecer los lazos que nos unen a todos.

http://journey.caritas.org/

" UNITY PREVAILS OVER CONFLICT! " Pope Francis on occasion of the G20 summit. "DIE EINHEIT WIEGGT MEHR ALS DER KONFLIKT".

LETTER OF HIS HOLINESS POPE FRANCIS

ON THE OCCASION OF THE G20 SUMMIT

[HAMBURG, 7-8 JULY 2017]

" ....... Time is greater than space.  The gravity, complexity and interconnection of world problems is such that there can be no immediate and completely satisfying solutions. Sadly, the migration crisis, which is inseparable from the issue of poverty and exacerbated by armed conflicts, is proof of this.  It is possible, though, to set in motion processes that can offer solutions that are progressive and not traumatic, and which can lead in relatively short order to free circulation and to a settlement of persons that would be to the advantage of all.  Nonetheless, this tension between space and time, between limit and fullness, requires an exactly contrary movement in the minds of government leaders and the powerful.  An effective solution, necessarily spread over time, will be possible only if the final objective of the process is clearly present in its planning.  In the minds and hearts of government leaders, and at every phase of the enactment of political measures, there is a need to give absolute priority to the poor, refugees, the suffering, evacuees and the excluded, without distinction of nation, race, religion or culture, and to reject armed conflicts.

At this point, I cannot fail to address to the Heads of State and of Government of the G20, and to the entire world community, a heartfelt appeal for the tragic situation in South Sudan, the Lake Chad basin, the Horn of Africa and Yemen, where thirty million people are lacking the food and water needed to survive.  A commitment to meet these situations with urgency and to provide immediately support to those peoples will be a sign of the seriousness and sincerity of the mid-term commitment to reforming the world economy and a guarantee of its sound development........ "

" ...... Die Zeit ist mehr wert als der Raum. Der Ernst, die Vielschichtigkeit und die wechselseitige Verbindung der weltweiten Probleme sind solcher Art, dass es für sie keine unmittelbaren und vollkommen zufriedenstellenden Lösungen gibt. Leider ist die Flüchtlingskrise, die vom Problem der Armut nicht zu trennen ist und durch bewaffnete Konflikte verschärft wird, ein Beweis dafür. Es ist hingegen möglich, Prozesse in Bewegung zu setzen, welche fortschreitende und nicht traumatisierende Lösungen bieten, die in verhältnismäßig kurzer Zeit zu einem freien Durchzug und zur Ansiedelung von Personen führen, was für alle von Vorteil ist. Diese Spannung zwischen Raum und Zeit, zwischen Begrenzung und Fülle erfordert jedoch eine genau gegensätzliche Bewegung im Denken der Regierenden und der Mächtigen. Eine wirksame Lösung, die sich notwendigerweise über einen Zeitraum erstreckt, wird nur möglich sein, wenn das Endziel des Prozesses bei seiner Planung klar vorgegeben ist. Es ist daher notwendig, dass im Verstand und im Herzen der Regierenden wie auch in jeder Phase der Umsetzung politischer Maßnahmen den Armen, den Flüchtlingen, den Leidenden, den Vertriebenen und den Ausgeschlossenen – ohne Unterschied von Nation, Volkszugehörigkeit, Religion oder Kultur – absoluter Vorrang eingeräumt wird und ebenso bewaffnete Konflikte abgelehnt werden.

An dieser Stelle kann ich nicht umhin, an die Staats- und Regierungschefs der G20 und an die ganze Weltgemeinschaft einen eindringlichen Appell zu richten hinsichtlich der tragischen Situation des Südsudans, des Tschadseebeckens, des Horns von Afrika und des Jemen, wo es dreißig Millionen Menschen gibt, die keine Nahrung und kein Wasser zum Überleben haben. Die dringende Aufgabe, sich diesen Situationen zu stellen und jenen Völkern unmittelbare Unterstützung zu geben, stellt ein Zeichen der Ernsthaftigkeit und der Aufrichtigkeit der Verpflichtung dar, mittelfristig die Weltwirtschaft zu reformieren. Zugleich ist es eine Gewähr für ihre gesunde Entwicklung...... "

" .... Il tempo è superiore allo spazio. La gravità, la complessità e l’interconnessione delle problematiche mondiali sono tali che non esistono soluzioni immediate e del tutto soddisfacenti. Purtroppo, il dramma delle migrazioni, inseparabile dalla povertà ed esacerbato dalle guerre, ne è una prova. E’ possibile invece mettere in moto processi che siano capaci di offrire soluzioni progressive e non traumatiche e di condurre, in tempi relativamente brevi, ad una libera circolazione e alla stabilità delle persone che siano vantaggiosi per tutti. Tuttavia, questa tensione tra spazio e tempo, tra limite e pienezza, richiede un movimento esattamente contrario nella coscienza dei governanti e dei potenti. Una efficace soluzione distesa necessariamente nel tempo sarà possibile solo se l’obiettivo finale del processo è chiaramente presente nella sua progettualità. Nei cuori e nelle menti dei governanti e in ognuna delle fasi d’attuazione delle misure politiche c’è bisogno di dare priorità assoluta ai poveri, ai profughi, ai sofferenti, agli sfollati e agli esclusi, senza distinzione di nazione, razza, religione o cultura, e di rigettare i conflitti armati.

A questo punto, non posso mancare di rivolgere ai Capi di Stato e di Governo del G20 e a tutta la comunità mondiale un accorato appello per la tragica situazione del Sud Sudan, del bacino del Lago Ciad, del Corno d’Africa e dello Yemen, dove ci sono 30 milioni di persone che non hanno cibo e acqua per sopravvivere. L’impegno per venire urgentemente incontro a queste situazioni e dare un immediato sostegno a quelle popolazioni sarà un segno della serietà e sincerità dell’impegno a medio termine per riformare l’economia mondiale ed una garanzia del suo efficace sviluppo..... "

Read: LETTER OF HIS HOLINESS POPE FRANCIS   [ DE  - EN  - IT ]

MORAL PANIC: STRANGERS at OUR DOOR! - Quand l’étranger frappe à nos portes… ! -Extranjeros en las puertas

            Strangers  at Our Door

                                        By: Zygmunt Bauman 

Description

     Refugees from the violence of wars and the brutality of famished lives have knocked on other people's doors since the beginning of time. 

     For the people behind the doors, these uninvited guests were always strangers, and strangers tend to generate fear and anxiety precisely because they are unknown. 

      Today we find ourselves confronted with an extreme form of this historical dynamic, as our TV screens and newspapers are filled with accounts of a 'migration crisis', ostensibly overwhelming Europe and portending the collapse of our way of life. 

    This anxious debate has given rise to a veritable 'moral panic' - a feeling of fear spreading among a large number of people that some evil threatens the well-being of society.

       In this short book Zygmunt Bauman analyses the origins, contours and impact of this moral panic - he dissects, in short, the present-day migration panic. 

   He shows how politicians have exploited fears and anxieties that have become widespread, especially among those who have already lost so much - the disinherited and the poor. 

    But he argues that the policy of mutual separation, of building walls rather than bridges, is misguided. It may bring some short-term reassurance but it is doomed to fail in the long run. 

     We are faced with a crisis of humanity, and the only exit from this crisis is to recognize our growing interdependence as a species and to find new ways to live together in solidarity and cooperation, amidst strangers who may hold opinions and preferences different from our own.

Bauman: "Je crains que nous ne soyons au début d’un énorme déséquilibre. La hausse brutale du nombre de migrants qui frappent aux portes de l’Europe, résultat d’un nombre croissant d’Etats défaillants ou déjà faillis, exacerbe la peur profonde que notre bien-être et même notre survie ne soient menacés. Cette panique crée une situation émotionnelle explosive, d’autant que les politiques désorientés hésitent entre deux aspirations inconciliables: l’intégration et le repli sur soi" .