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mercoledì 7 gennaio 2026

THE EROSION OF REALITY

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-The Erosion 
of Reality-

The Crisis of Visual Authenticity Caused by AI

 


Marco Giacalone

-Generative artificial intelligence has triggered an ontological crisis, eroding the image's status as a truth and rendering the human eye an unreliable detector. This editorial analyzes perceptual failure as a threat to social cohesion, the strategy of certifying truth, and the democratic implications of a world populated by truthless images.

 For centuries, images have served as the silent witness of history, the anchor of factual evidence that supported news and public debate. That role is over. The democratization of generative artificial intelligence tools, diffusion models, and GANs has not only improved computer graphics; it has dealt a mortal blow to the image's status as a truth itself. The world is witnessing the collapse of its most trusted detector: the human eye.

 This is not a technical problem, but an ontological crisis. Visual authenticity, once guaranteed by perception, has been delegated to algorithms. Synthetic creations have achieved such resolution and realism that humans are no longer able to distinguish the genuine from the fabricated. When the difference between truth and falsehood requires computational verification, something fundamental in our relationship with reality has already been lost. A true perceptual failure has occurred on a global scale.

 The implications of this failure are devastating for the public sphere. The proliferation of manipulated visual content is not random; it is a calculated political collateral. Images generated to defame, destabilize, or deceive can influence elections, alter financial markets, and erode consensus in real time. A citizen's inability to trust what they see inevitably translates into a contagion of radical cynicism. Distrust affects not only the individual medium but extends to media institutions and, by extension, government institutions. AI has weaponized the art of deception.

 It's a mockery that AI detection systems (detectors) designed to counter deepfakes are, by their very nature, doomed to fail. Generative models evolve exponentially, rendering any defense tool obsolete as soon as they are released. The industry is aware of this and is, rightly, reversing course: it is abandoning the utopia of detection to focus on digital provenance.

 The goal is no longer to identify the fake, but to certify the real. Authenticity standards like C2PA represent a crucial attempt to build a cryptographic chain of trust for digital content, providing each file with a birth certificate that traces its origin and history of manipulation. But their effectiveness depends on universal adoption by all hardware and software manufacturers, a herculean task that lags behind the flood of generated and unlabeled images. Until this happens, the world will be populated by images bereft of truth.

 The most disturbing aspect ultimately lies not in the damage done to cameras, but in the damage inflicted on human cognition. Constant exposure to mass visual lies does not make individuals more critically skeptical, but simply more likely to reject any inconvenient fact. This dynamic destroys the basis of shared reality necessary for public debate and social cohesion.

 If artificial intelligence has irrevocably destroyed the reliability of what we see, the most pressing question that remains is what factual foundations can still be used to build politics, history, and democracy itself.

 The era of guaranteed truth is over.

  

L'Érosion du Réel

 La Crise de l'Authenticité Visuelle causée par l'IA

 - Marco Giacalone

 - L'intelligence artificielle générative a déclenché une crise ontologique, érodant le statut de vérité de l'image et rendant l'œil humain un détecteur peu fiable. Cet éditorial analyse cette défaillance perceptive comme une menace pour la cohésion sociale, la stratégie de certification de la vérité et les implications démocratiques d'un monde peuplé d'images dénuées de vérité.

 Pendant des siècles, les images ont servi de témoins silencieux de l'histoire, de fondement des preuves factuelles qui ont soutenu l'information et le débat public. Ce rôle est révolu. La démocratisation des outils d'intelligence artificielle générative, des modèles de diffusion et des GAN n'a pas seulement amélioré l'infographie ; elle a porté un coup fatal au statut de vérité de l'image elle-même. Le monde assiste à l'effondrement de son détecteur le plus fiable : l'œil humain.

 Il ne s'agit pas d'un problème technique, mais d'une crise ontologique. L'authenticité visuelle, autrefois garantie par la perception, a été déléguée aux algorithmes. Les créations synthétiques ont atteint un tel niveau de résolution et de réalisme que l'être humain est devenu incapable de distinguer le vrai du faux. Lorsque la différence entre vérité et mensonge exige une vérification informatique, c'est que notre rapport à la réalité est fondamentalement altéré. Un véritable échec perceptif s'est produit à l'échelle mondiale.

 Les conséquences de cet échec sont dévastatrices pour la sphère publique. La prolifération de contenus visuels manipulés n'est pas le fruit du hasard ; il s'agit d'un instrument politique calculé. Les images créées pour diffamer, déstabiliser ou tromper peuvent influencer les élections, perturber les marchés financiers et éroder le consensus en temps réel. L'incapacité des citoyens à faire confiance à ce qu'ils voient se traduit inévitablement par une contagion de cynisme radical. Cette méfiance affecte non seulement les médias eux-mêmes, mais s'étend aux institutions médiatiques et, par extension, aux institutions gouvernementales. L'IA a transformé l'art de la tromperie en une arme.

 Il est absurde de constater que les systèmes de détection d'IA conçus pour contrer les deepfakes sont, par nature, voués à l'échec. Les modèles génératifs évoluent de façon exponentielle, rendant obsolète tout outil de défense dès leur mise sur le marché. L'industrie en est consciente et, à juste titre, change de cap : elle abandonne l'utopie de la détection pour se concentrer sur la provenance numérique.

 L'objectif n'est plus d'identifier le faux, mais de certifier le vrai. Les normes d'authenticité comme C2PA représentent une tentative cruciale de construire une chaîne de confiance cryptographique pour le contenu numérique, fournissant à chaque fichier un certificat de naissance qui retrace son origine et son historique de manipulation. Mais leur efficacité dépend de leur adoption universelle par tous les fabricants de matériel et de logiciels, une tâche herculéenne qui peine à suivre le rythme du flot d'images générées et non étiquetées. Tant que cela ne se produira pas, le monde sera peuplé d'images dénuées de vérité.

 

L'aspect le plus inquiétant réside finalement non pas dans les dommages causés aux appareils photo, mais dans ceux infligés à la cognition humaine. L'exposition constante à des mensonges visuels de masse ne rend pas les individus plus critiques et sceptiques, mais simplement plus enclins à rejeter tout fait gênant. Cette dynamique détruit les fondements de la réalité partagée, pourtant indispensables au débat public et à la cohésion sociale.

 Si l'intelligence artificielle a irrémédiablement anéanti la fiabilité de ce que nous voyons, la question la plus urgente qui demeure est celle des fondements factuels sur lesquels il est encore possible de bâtir la politique, l'histoire et la démocratie elle-même.

 

L'ère de la vérité absolue est révolue.

La Erosión de la Realidad: La Crisis de la Autenticidad Visual Causada por la IA

 

- Marco Giacalone

-La inteligencia artificial generativa ha desencadenado una crisis ontológica, erosionando el estatus de la imagen como verdad y convirtiendo al ojo humano en un detector poco fiable. Este editorial analiza el fallo perceptivo como amenaza para la cohesión social, la estrategia de certificar la verdad y las implicaciones democráticas de un mundo poblado de imágenes sin verdad.

 Durante siglos, las imágenes han servido como testigos silenciosos de la historia, el ancla de la evidencia factual que sustentaba las noticias y el debate público. Esa función ha terminado. La democratización de las herramientas de inteligencia artificial generativa, los modelos de difusión y las GAN no solo ha mejorado los gráficos por computadora, sino que ha asestado un golpe mortal al estatus de la imagen como verdad en sí misma. El mundo asiste al colapso de su detector más fiable: el ojo humano.

 No se trata de un problema técnico, sino de una crisis ontológica. La autenticidad visual, antes garantizada por la percepción, ha sido delegada a los algoritmos. Las creaciones sintéticas han alcanzado tal resolución y realismo que los humanos ya no pueden distinguir lo genuino de lo inventado. Cuando la diferencia entre la verdad y la falsedad requiere verificación computacional, ya se ha perdido algo fundamental en nuestra relación con la realidad. Se ha producido un verdadero fallo perceptivo a escala global.

 Las implicaciones de este fallo son devastadoras para la esfera pública. La proliferación de contenido visual manipulado no es aleatoria; es una estrategia política calculada. Las imágenes generadas para difamar, desestabilizar o engañar pueden influir en las elecciones, alterar los mercados financieros y erosionar el consenso en tiempo real. La incapacidad de un ciudadano para confiar en lo que ve se traduce inevitablemente en un contagio de cinismo radical. La desconfianza no solo afecta al medio individual, sino que se extiende a las instituciones mediáticas y, por extensión, a las gubernamentales. La IA ha convertido el arte del engaño en un arma.

 Es una burla que los sistemas de detección de IA (detectores) diseñados para contrarrestar los deepfakes estén, por su propia naturaleza, condenados al fracaso. Los modelos generativos evolucionan exponencialmente, volviendo obsoleta cualquier herramienta de defensa en cuanto se publican. La industria es consciente de ello y, con razón, está cambiando de rumbo: abandona la utopía de la detección para centrarse en la procedencia digital.

 El objetivo ya no es identificar lo falso, sino certificar lo real. Estándares de autenticidad como C2PA representan un intento crucial de construir una cadena criptográfica de confianza para el contenido digital, proporcionando a cada archivo un certificado de nacimiento que rastrea su origen e historial de manipulación. Sin embargo, su eficacia depende de la adopción universal por parte de todos los fabricantes de hardware y software, una tarea titánica que va a la zaga de la avalancha de imágenes generadas y sin etiquetar. Hasta que esto suceda, el mundo estará poblado de imágenes carentes de veracidad.

 El aspecto más inquietante, en última instancia, no reside en el daño causado a las cámaras, sino en el daño infligido a la cognición humana. La exposición constante a mentiras visuales masivas no aumenta el escepticismo crítico de las personas, sino simplemente las hace más propensas a rechazar cualquier hecho inconveniente. Esta dinámica destruye la base de la realidad compartida necesaria para el debate público y la cohesión social.

 Si la inteligencia artificial ha destruido irrevocablemente la fiabilidad de lo que vemos, la pregunta más apremiante que persiste es qué fundamentos factuales aún pueden utilizarse para construir la política, la historia y la propia democracia.

 La era de la verdad garantizada ha terminado.


 

 

mercoledì 30 agosto 2023

COMMON SENSE AND CHATGPT

 Common Sense does not live in ChatGpt.

The inability of AI systems to access the meaning of what they process makes them 'inhuman'.  The alienation of those who have to train them exacerbates the problem.

 The machine lacks a body, so its learning is based only on words.  To remedy this, it is not enough to increase the amount of text, especially if it is generated by other AI programmes.

 

- by VINCENZO AMBRIOLA

  "Dad, what is a sycamore tree?" Most of us would not know how to answer this question. Perhaps some know it is a tree, from the Gospel passage of Zacchaeus. And then from reading The Shadow of the Sycamore by John Grisham. The cooler ones might remember Down by the sycamore tree, a famous jazz tune by Stan Getz. But how many would be able to recognise a sycamore tree in a botanical garden? In our minds, words are linked both to real-world experiences through the five senses and to other words, in what constitutes an enormous semantic network managed by billions of neurons and synapses that connect them. The word sycamore, if present in this network, could be linked to the concepts of tree, book or jazz. That is why we would be able to answer a curious child.

Generative artificial intelligence, the one behind the operation of ChatGpt and many other similar systems, works by linking words together. Words are analysed in the sentences in which they appear, calculating the probability that they are associated with other words. When the user dialogues with the artificial intelligence system, the response is constructed using the neural network within it, word by word according to a process that also uses some randomness. Formulated at two different instants, the same question can result in a different answer. The substantial difference that exists between these systems and the human mind is the absence of information coming from reality and the total dependence on the words used during their learning. Basically, it is a-sensory knowledge combined with a predominantly statistical manipulation of words (treated as abstract symbols). Interaction with reality is thus what characterises us humans and transforms a continuous flow of information into verbally encoded knowledge.

Much of this knowledge constitutes 'common sense', a heritage passed on from generation to generation that enables us to survive in our environment and interact with other human beings, sharing the profound meaning of words. Words that for us are not just symbols, but semantic markers of reality. Common sense has always been and still is the subject of study and research. The development of computer science is closely linked to the many possible ways of capturing and representing it in so-called ontologies and using it in deductive, inductive and abductive automatic reasoning systems. Since the time of Aristotle, logic has been the greatest conceptual challenge for mankind.

  "We can know more than we can say," so wrote Michael Polanyi in his 1966 essay The Unexpressed Knowledge, in which he presented his research on implicit or tacit knowledge. At a time strongly influenced by a rationalist approach, the birth of electronic calculators and the ideas of Alan Turing, Polanyi questioned the possibility that a human being could have complete and explicit control over everything he knew. This was a strong and orthodox position, which rejected the project of formally codifying knowledge and then using it in a computational context.

  Generative artificial intelligence systems do not possess the equivalent of common sense, let alone an implicit knowledge of what they have learnt. They do not need common sense for survival, and, above all, it cannot be acquired through a sensory apparatus that they lack. They learn only through the words used in training and interact with humans only through these words. They are not able to move us with a look or calm us with a caress. To do this they would have to have a body, but then they would be robots and not conversational bots. In a recent article, Christopher Richardson and Larry Heck describe the state of the art of research projects that aim to add common sense into generative artificial intelligence systems. The negative conclusion of this study leaves no doubt when it states that "current systems exhibit limited common sense reasoning capabilities and negative effects on natural interactions".

 Training an AI system using a large amount of text is not enough. The neural network within it can be confused by relations between words that produce responses without any (common) sense, also called hallucinations. Further training is required. In many parts of the world (Kenya, Nepal, Malaysia, the Philippines, India), hundreds of thousands of individuals spend their day in front of a computer screen, interacting with the system, correcting its responses, identifying hallucinations. A tedious and repetitive job often underpaid and on the edge of economic survival. In 2007, Fei Li, then a professor at Princeton and an expert in AI, declared that to improve the quality of image recognition it would be necessary to manually tag millions of images and not a few tens of thousands. She was right and her strategy caused a new springtime for artificial intelligence.

Human nature wants the person in control of the machines and not subject to their domination. A group of researchers at Rice University recently discovered that the humans in charge of training AI systems, to relieve a repetitive and tedious operating procedure, use, however, these very same systems, in a way violating the indications they receive. In practice, the indications given by the trainers are generated 'synthetically' by the systems they are training, in what we can metaphorically call a 'computer incest' that could slowly degrade the quality of the trained neural network. The same problem is encountered when creating a new AI system, using texts from the Internet, which are increasingly generated by other AI systems.

Generative artificial intelligence is still in its infancy and, as such, is destined to grow and evolve. Its training based on human-produced texts makes it inevitably human-like. Its enormous computing power makes it perceived as superhuman, when for instance it can perform tasks that would be inconceivable to us in terms of the amount of calculation. The absence of common sense, however, reveals its inherent and inevitable inhumanity. At the present time, the most likely hypothesis is that AI will become increasingly superhuman (increase in knowledge and performance) but also increasingly less inhuman (evolution of algorithms, sense management). In the background remains the hypothesis that at some point some form of artificial consciousness may emerge that would even make it autonomous.

 

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