giovedì 24 settembre 2026

SAINT FRANCIS OF ASSISI - en-it-fr-es ****

en-it-fr-es


  Saint Francis 

appears rich in meaning 

for the man of his time



Eight hundred years have passed since the "blessed passing" of Saint Francis of Assisi, which took place on 3 October 1226 [1] . Pope Leo XIV, on the occasion of the opening of the centenary, sent a letter to the Franciscan Family: "'Our sister death', exclaimed Saint Francis at the Porziuncola, as he went to meet her like a man finally at peace. Eight centuries have passed since the death of the Poverello of Assisi who wrote in incisive characters the word of salvation of Christ in the hearts of the men of his time. […] May [his] message of peace find a profound echo in the Church and in society today" [2] .

In his letter, the Pope recalls that Saint Francis appears rich in meaning for the man of his time, but also for the man of today, thanks to the radicality with which he lived the Gospel, sine glossa : a choice that marked his life. Francis does not give orders, he does not teach, he acts, and his actions teach how to live. His doctrine and his authority remain entirely internal to action. From there comes the message of poverty that the Saint witnessed in the path of radical stripping, from the detachment of his father's goods to the renunciation of his own social role, up to the complete identification with the crucified Christ. On these principles he founded the fraternity of the Minors. If we consider all the male and female realities that today are inspired by him, the Franciscan religious family is the largest in the world [3] .

Francis is universally recognized as a symbol of peace, and not only for the greeting "May the Lord give you peace", unusual in his time, which wishes for the peace that comes only from the Risen One [4] . In this sense, he is characterized by the initiative to set out with the Crusade , siding with the Muslims to proclaim the Gospel to them. He also attempts dialogue with the Sultan of Egypt, al-Malik al-Kamil, with an extraordinary openness based on discussion rather than conflict.

The Saint lives today in his particular relationship with creation: in the Canticle of Brother Sun , considered the first text of Italian literature, he calls the Sun and the Moon "brother" and "sister"; he recognizes in them "a reflection of divine beauty" [5] . He also exhorts respect for the environment and for the universe, which makes him particularly relevant even in our day.

Pope Francis, who passed away last year, chose his name in honor of the Poverello. He bore witness to this throughout his pontificate, seeking poverty and simplicity, and cited him extensively in speeches and writings. Two of his encyclicals— Laudato si' and Fratelli tutti – have as their title and subject two proposals from the Saint.

In 1223, when it had become difficult to reach the Holy Land, Francis was able to create the first living nativity scene in Greccio, establishing a tradition that is still very much alive in popular religiosity today. In the representation there are the ox, the donkey and the manger, but there is no one to represent Mary and Joseph; Jesus instead is present in the proclamation of the Gospel of the nativity, which the Saint himself sings and comments on, and in the Eucharist, which he has celebrated in the manger, thus prefiguring the Eucharistic mystery of Christmas [6] .

The phenomenon of the stigmata, the wounds of Jesus on the cross, which Francis received at La Verna in 1224, a jealously guarded secret, is listed among the extraordinary events of his mystical life: the first testimony is due to the Letter of Brother Elias , after his death, where a "wonder that has never been heard of in the world, except in the Son of God" is announced [7] .

Joy is also a characteristic element of Francis's spirituality: a joy that is born from his profound gratitude for life and for every creature, as is reflected in the Canticle of Brother Sun [8] and in the episode Of True and Perfect Joy [9] . Joy is gratitude to God, trust in Providence, a sign of communion with the Lord and with one's brothers. Francis lived it even in difficulties, in poverty, in trials, in illness. The experience of joy is not only personal, but becomes a testimony capable of involving whoever encounters him and of suggesting a spirituality that embraces creation and universal brotherhood. It is precisely this joy, rooted in humility and poverty, that makes his message alive, close to the challenges and hopes of man.

What has been said doesn't address a fundamental question: what cultural mediation exists between the Saint and us? What accounts for Francis's appeal and modernity for us living in the third millennium?

CIVILTA’ CATTOLICA

 

Ricorrono 800 anni dal «beato transito» di san Francesco d’Assisi, avvenuto il 3 ottobre 1226[1]. Papa Leone XIV, in occasione dell’apertura del centenario, ha inviato una lettera alla Famiglia francescana: «“Nostra sorella morte”, esclamava San Francesco alla Porziuncola, mentre le andava incontro come un uomo finalmente pacificato. Sono trascorsi otto secoli dalla morte del Poverello d’Assisi che ha scritto a caratteri incisivi la parola di salvezza di Cristo nei cuori degli uomini del suo tempo. […] Il [suo] messaggio di pace possa trovare eco profonda nell’oggi della Chiesa e della società»[2].

Nella sua lettera, il Papa ricorda che san Francesco appare ricco di significato per l’uomo del suo tempo, ma anche per l’uomo di oggi, grazie alla radicalità con cui ha vissuto il Vangelo, sine glossa: una scelta che ne ha segnato la vita. Francesco non dà ordini, non insegna, agisce, e il suo agire insegna a vivere. La sua dottrina e la sua autorità rimangono del tutto interne all’azione. Da lì deriva il messaggio di povertà che il Santo ha testimoniato nel cammino di spoliazione radicale, dal distacco dei beni paterni alla rinuncia al proprio ruolo sociale, fino alla completa identificazione con il Cristo crocifisso. Su questi princìpi egli ha fondato la fraternità dei Minori. Se si considerano tutte le realtà maschili e femminili che oggi si ispirano a lui, la Famiglia religiosa francescana è la più numerosa nel mondo[3].

Francesco è universalmente riconosciuto come simbolo di pace, e non solo per il saluto «Il Signore ti dia pace», inconsueto ai suoi tempi, che sta ad augurare la pace che viene solo dal Risorto[4]. In questo senso lo caratterizza l’iniziativa di partire al seguito della VCrociata, passando dalla parte dei musulmani per annunciare loro il Vangelo. Egli tenta anche il dialogo con il sultano d’Egitto, al-Malik al-Kamil, con una straordinaria apertura basata sul confronto piuttosto che sul conflitto.

Il Santo vive oggi nel suo rapporto particolare con il creato: nel Cantico di Frate Sole, ritenuto il primo testo della letteratura italiana, chiama il Sole e la Luna «fratello» e «sorella»; vi riconosce «un riflesso della bellezza divina»[5]. Esorta anche al rispetto per l’ambiente e per l’universo, ciò che lo rende particolarmente attuale anche ai nostri giorni.

Papa Francesco, scomparso lo scorso anno, ha scelto il proprio nome in onore del Poverello, lo ha testimoniato nella sua vita di pontefice cercando povertà e semplicità, lo ha citato moltissimo nei discorsi e negli scritti. Due delle sue encicliche – Laudato si’ e Fratelli tutti – hanno per titolo e per soggetto due proposte del Santo.

Nel 1223, essendo diventato difficile raggiungere la Terra santa, Francesco sa creare a Greccio il primo presepe vivente, fondando una tradizione ancora oggi molto viva nella religiosità popolare. Nella rappresentazione ci sono il bue, l’asinello e la mangiatoia, ma non c’è nessuno per rappresentare Maria e Giuseppe; Gesù invece è presente nella proclamazione del Vangelo della natività, che il Santo stesso canta e commenta, e nell’Eucaristia, che fa celebrare sulla mangiatoia, prefigurando così il mistero eucaristico del Natale[6].

Il fenomeno delle stimmate, le ferite di Gesù sulla croce, che Francesco ebbe alla Verna nel 1224, un segreto custodito gelosamente, è annoverato tra gli eventi straordinari della sua vita mistica: la prima testimonianza è dovuta alla Lettera di frate Elia, dopo la morte di lui, dove si annuncia un «portento che non si è mai udito al mondo, fuorché nel Figlio di Dio»[7].

Anche la gioia è un elemento caratteristico della spiritualità di Francesco: una gioia che nasce dalla sua profonda gratitudine per la vita e per ogni creatura, come si riflette nel Cantico di Frate Sole[8] e nell’episodio Della vera e perfetta letizia[9].La gioia è gratitudine a Dio, fiducia nella Provvidenza, segno della comunione con il Signore e con i fratelli. Francesco la viveva perfino nelle difficoltà, nella povertà, nelle prove, nella malattia. L’esperienza della gioia non è solo personale, ma diventa testimonianza capace di coinvolgere chiunque lo incontri e di suggerire una spiritualità che abbracci il creato e la fraternità universale. Proprio questa gioia, radicata nell’umiltà e nella povertà, rende il suo messaggio vivo, vicino alle sfide e alle speranze dell’uomo.

Quanto detto non esaurisce una domanda di fondo: quale mediazione culturale si dà tra il Santo e noi? A che cosa sono dovuti il fascino e la modernità di Francesco per noi che viviamo nel terzo millennio?

CIVILTA’ CATTOLICA

 

Huit cents ans se sont écoulés depuis la « bienheureuse disparition » de saint François d’Assise, survenue le 3 octobre 1226 [1] . Le pape Léon XIV, à l’occasion de l’ouverture du centenaire, adressa une lettre à la Famille franciscaine : « “Notre sœur la mort”, s’exclama saint François à la Portioncule, en allant à sa rencontre tel un homme enfin en paix. Huit siècles se sont écoulés depuis la mort du Poverello d’Assise qui, d’une écriture incisive, a inscrit la parole du salut du Christ dans le cœur des hommes de son temps. […] Puisse son message de paix trouver un profond écho dans l’Église et dans la société d’aujourd’hui » [2] .

Dans sa lettre, le Pape rappelle que saint François apparaît riche de sens pour l'homme de son temps, mais aussi pour l'homme d'aujourd'hui, grâce à la radicalité avec laquelle il a vécu l'Évangile, sine glossa : un choix qui a marqué sa vie. François ne donne pas d'ordres, il n'enseigne pas, il agit, et ses actions enseignent comment vivre. Sa doctrine et son autorité demeurent entièrement intérieures à l'action. De là découle le message de pauvreté dont le Saint a été témoin sur le chemin du dépouillement radical, depuis le détachement des biens de son père jusqu'au renoncement à son propre rôle social, et enfin à l'identification totale au Christ crucifié. C'est sur ces principes qu'il a fondé la Fraternité des Mineurs. Si l'on considère toutes les réalités masculines et féminines qui, aujourd'hui, s'inspirent de lui, la famille religieuse franciscaine est la plus importante au monde [3] .

François est universellement reconnu comme un symbole de paix, et pas seulement pour sa salutation « Que le Seigneur vous donne la paix », inhabituelle à son époque, qui implore la paix qui ne vient que du Ressuscité [4] . En ce sens, il se caractérise par son initiative de partir en croisade , se rangeant du côté des musulmans pour leur annoncer l'Évangile. Il s'efforce également d'instaurer un dialogue avec le sultan d'Égypte, al-Malik al-Kamil, avec une extraordinaire ouverture fondée sur la discussion plutôt que sur le conflit.

Le saint vit aujourd’hui encore dans sa relation particulière avec la création : dans le Cantique du frère Soleil , considéré comme le premier texte de la littérature italienne, il appelle le Soleil et la Lune « frère » et « sœur » ; il reconnaît en eux « un reflet de la beauté divine » [5] . Il exhorte également au respect de l’environnement et de l’univers, ce qui le rend particulièrement pertinent aujourd’hui encore.

Le pape François, décédé l'an dernier, avait choisi son nom en hommage au Poverello. Il en a témoigné tout au long de son pontificat, prônant la pauvreté et la simplicité, et le citant abondamment dans ses discours et ses écrits. Deux de ses encycliques, Laudato si' et Fratelli tutti – ont pour titre et sujet deux propositions du Saint.

En 1223, alors que l'accès à la Terre sainte était devenu difficile, François d'Assise créa à Greccio la première crèche vivante, instaurant une tradition encore très présente dans la pratique religieuse populaire aujourd'hui. La crèche représente le bœuf, l'âne et la mangeoire, mais aucun personnage ne représente Marie et Joseph ; Jésus est en revanche présent dans la proclamation de l'Évangile de la Nativité, que le saint chante et commente lui-même, et dans l'Eucharistie qu'il célèbre dans la mangeoire, préfigurant ainsi le mystère eucharistique de Noël [6] .

Le phénomène des stigmates, les plaies de Jésus sur la croix, que François a reçues à La Verna en 1224, un secret jalousement gardé, est répertorié parmi les événements extraordinaires de sa vie mystique : le premier témoignage est dû à la Lettre de Frère Élie , après sa mort, où est annoncée une « merveille dont on n’a jamais entendu parler dans le monde, si ce n’est dans le Fils de Dieu » [7] .

La joie est aussi une caractéristique de la spiritualité de François : une joie née de sa profonde gratitude pour la vie et pour toute créature, comme en témoignent le Cantique du frère Soleil [8] et l’épisode de la Joie vraie et parfaite [9] . La joie est gratitude envers Dieu, confiance en la Providence, signe de communion avec le Seigneur et avec ses frères. François l’a vécue même dans les difficultés, la pauvreté, les épreuves et la maladie. L’expérience de la joie n’est pas seulement personnelle, mais devient un témoignage capable de toucher quiconque le rencontre et de suggérer une spiritualité qui embrasse la création et la fraternité universelle. C’est précisément cette joie, enracinée dans l’humilité et la pauvreté, qui donne vie à son message, le rendant proche des défis et des espoirs de l’humanité.

Ce qui a été dit n'aborde pas une question fondamentale : quelle médiation culturelle existe entre le saint et nous ? Comment expliquer l'attrait et la modernité de François pour nous qui vivons au troisième millénaire ?

CIVILTA’ CATTOLICA

 

Han transcurrido ochocientos años desde el «santísimo fallecimiento» de San Francisco de Asís, ocurrido el 3 de octubre de 1226 [1] . El Papa León XIV, con motivo de la inauguración del centenario, envió una carta a la Familia Franciscana: «“Nuestra hermana la muerte”, exclamó San Francisco en la Porciúncula, al ir a su encuentro como un hombre finalmente en paz. Han transcurrido ocho siglos desde la muerte del Poverello de Asís, quien escribió con caracteres incisivos la palabra de salvación de Cristo en los corazones de los hombres de su tiempo. […] Que [su] mensaje de paz encuentre un profundo eco en la Iglesia y en la sociedad actual» [2] .

En su carta, el Papa recuerda que San Francisco se muestra rico en significado para el hombre de su tiempo, pero también para el hombre de hoy, gracias a la radicalidad con la que vivió el Evangelio, sin glosa : una elección que marcó su vida. Francisco no da órdenes, no enseña, actúa, y sus acciones enseñan cómo vivir. Su doctrina y su autoridad permanecen enteramente internas a la acción. De ahí surge el mensaje de pobreza que el santo presenció en el camino del despojamiento radical, desde el desapego de los bienes de su padre hasta la renuncia a su propio rol social, hasta la identificación completa con Cristo crucificado. Sobre estos principios fundó la fraternidad de los Menores. Si consideramos todas las realidades masculinas y femeninas que hoy se inspiran en él, la familia religiosa franciscana es la más grande del mundo [3] .

Francisco es universalmente reconocido como un símbolo de paz, y no solo por el saludo «Que el Señor os dé la paz», inusual en su época, que anhela la paz que solo proviene del Resucitado [4] . En este sentido, se caracteriza por la iniciativa de emprender la Cruzada , poniéndose del lado de los musulmanes para proclamarles el Evangelio. También intenta dialogar con el sultán de Egipto, al-Malik al-Kamil, con una extraordinaria apertura basada en el diálogo más que en el conflicto.

El santo vive hoy en su particular relación con la creación: en el Cántico del Hermano Sol , considerado el primer texto de la literatura italiana, llama al Sol y a la Luna «hermano» y «hermana»; reconoce en ellos «un reflejo de la belleza divina» [5] . Asimismo, exhorta al respeto por el medio ambiente y por el universo, lo que lo hace particularmente relevante incluso en nuestros días.

El Papa Francisco, que falleció el año pasado, eligió su nombre en honor al Poverello. Dio testimonio de esto a lo largo de su pontificado, buscando la pobreza y la sencillez, y lo citó extensamente en discursos y escritos. Dos de sus encíclicas: Laudato si' y Fratelli tutti – tienen como título y tema dos propuestas del Santo.

En 1223, cuando se había vuelto difícil llegar a Tierra Santa, Francisco pudo crear el primer belén viviente en Greccio, estableciendo una tradición que aún hoy está muy viva en la religiosidad popular. En la representación están el buey, el asno y el pesebre, pero no hay nadie que represente a María y José; Jesús está presente en la proclamación del Evangelio de la Natividad, que el propio santo canta y comenta, y en la Eucaristía, que ha celebrado en el pesebre, prefigurando así el misterio eucarístico de la Navidad [6] .

El fenómeno de los estigmas, las heridas de Jesús en la cruz, que Francisco recibió en La Verna en 1224, un secreto celosamente guardado, se enumera entre los acontecimientos extraordinarios de su vida mística: el primer testimonio se debe a la Carta del Hermano Elías , después de su muerte, donde se anuncia un "prodigio que nunca se ha oído en el mundo, excepto en el Hijo de Dios" [7] .

La alegría es también un elemento característico de la espiritualidad de Francisco: una alegría que nace de su profunda gratitud por la vida y por cada criatura, como se refleja en el Cántico del Hermano Sol [8] y en el episodio De la verdadera y perfecta alegría [9] . La alegría es gratitud a Dios, confianza en la Providencia, signo de comunión con el Señor y con los hermanos. Francisco la vivió incluso en las dificultades, en la pobreza, en las pruebas, en la enfermedad. La experiencia de la alegría no es solo personal, sino que se convierte en un testimonio capaz de involucrar a quien lo encuentra y de sugerir una espiritualidad que abarca la creación y la fraternidad universal. Es precisamente esta alegría, arraigada en la humildad y la pobreza, la que da vida a su mensaje, acercándolo a los desafíos y esperanzas del ser humano.

Lo dicho no aborda una cuestión fundamental: ¿qué mediación cultural existe entre el santo y nosotros? ¿Qué explica el atractivo y la modernidad de Francisco para quienes vivimos en el tercer milenio?

CIVILTA’ CATTOLICA

 

 

 

 

 

 

CROWING BY DECREASING

 


 A Historical 


Journey through 


the Concept   of Old Age




 Presentation at a summer course at the EHU 

(University of the Basque Country), 2026

-by José Arregui Olaizola


The Latin term veterus (old) and its derivatives in the Romance languages ​​(viejo, vieux, vecchio…) originate from the Indo-European root wet, meaning year. It was used to designate agricultural produce from the previous year. Yet, there are products that gain quality over the years, and others that do not. Some wines improve with age while others do not, depending on the vintage and the grape variety. Every wine requires years to become “aged”, but the mere passage of time is not enough to achieve that status. The same applies to us—the elderly—regarding the profound quality of life.

Once again, then, we ask ourselves: is it possible to grow while declining? Many older people are indisputable proof that it is, and many sages from every era and culture have affirmed this in their teachings throughout history. It is possible to grow in old age, even amidst the losses that old age entails. Losses themselves can turn into gains, and constraints into freedom. This holds true at every stage of life. While we must learn this at any age, this subject—the most difficult of all—takes on singular importance at our stage of life.

I was asked to present a “historical overview of the concepts of old age.” Last year, I shared reflections on old age from both ancient and contemporary sages. Today, I will broaden the historical scope and the range of testimonies, moving more quickly over what was presented a year ago. In the teachings of those who came before us, we find insights that are always timely and an encouragement that is always necessary—helping us to live, or desire to live, within our own specific circumstances what they lived, or desired to live, within theirs.

I will follow an order that is essentially chronological, yet also geographical. I will limit myself to reading texts and offering brief commentary—aiming more to highlight their message than to explain it. But before moving on to that historical overview, I want to start with a very general preliminary remark regarding the recognition and social role of the elderly in antiquity and in the present day.

1. Stereotypes of old age: past and present

Our culture, language, and the society we live in are rife with negative stereotypes about old age, yet we should not assume this is a new phenomenon. Such stereotypes have always existed in one form or another. It is true that the recognition and authority accorded to the elderly were generally far more prominent in ancient cultures than in our own. Older people held a privileged position within the governing bodies of indigenous cultures and traditional societies—consider the Roman Senate (senatus derives from senex, meaning “old man”) or the councils of elders in ancient and modern Judaism, a tradition inherited by Christian churches (the Greek term presbyter* means “elder” and is still used to designate a priest). However, even where the elderly were acknowledged for their wisdom and authority, old age was also associated with frailty, incapacity, dependency, resistance to change, and so forth (one need only read Roman writers such as Horace [65 BC–8 AD] and Juvenal [60–128 AD]).

What is relatively new is the form these age-old prejudices have taken in the industrial era and in our own times. Industrialization brought a renewed emphasis on economic productivity, speed, and innovation. Today, age discrimination is more closely linked than ever to a loss of productive and market value. Furthermore, mass education and new technologies have caused us older people to lose our traditional monopoly on knowledge across almost every field of expertise: any young person carries a mobile phone in their pocket—for all the downsides that entails—that we barely know how to use, yet which grants them instant access to virtually all contemporary knowledge. I find this overwhelming, though AI threatens to discriminate against and overwhelm us all—young and old alike. That, however, is another story, one that fills me with unease and questions.

We certainly do not miss the old family, political, or religious institutions of the past. Yet, contrary to all social and linguistic stereotypes, we need to reaffirm that every stage of life has its own weight and grace, and that no age is better or worse than any other. And we need to reaffirm this conviction. The age we are living through is—or can be—the best, provided we know how to live it. Now that we are older—indeed, old—it is essential to discover that it is possible, and a source of joy, to learn each day how to live this stage of life with its inevitable losses and its wonderful opportunities.

2. Traditional Chinese wisdom: Confucius and Laozi (5th century BC)

a) Confucius

Confucius’s teachings on ethics, education, and good governance have profoundly influenced the culture, politics, and society of China and all of East Asia for over two thousand years, right up to the present day. These teachings are primarily collected in The Analects (or conversations with his disciples). In them, we read, for example:

“Filial piety and respect for elders are the root of benevolence” (I, 2). Benevolence translates the central term of Confucian ethics and politics: ren; it can also be translated as humanity, goodness, love, empathy, or compassion. Confucius teaches that the root of this fundamental virtue is filial piety and respect for elders. Would that phrase sound right if a teacher were to utter it in their own name in a secondary school or high school  class, or in any university course at the EHU? Confucius would tell us to reflect on that. He would also tell us: “A young person should love their parents when at home and respect elders when away from home” (I, 6).

“Filial piety and respect for elders are the root of benevolence” (I, 2). Benevolence translates the central term of Confucian ethics and politics: ren; it can also be translated as humanity, goodness, love, empathy, or compassion. Confucius teaches that the root of this fundamental virtue is filial piety and respect for elders. Would that phrase sound right if a teacher spoke it in their own name in a secondary school, high school, or university classroom? Confucius would tell us to reflect on this. He would also tell us: “A young person should love their parents when at home and respect elders when away from home” (I, 6).9

“Zilu asked him: ‘And what are your wishes?’ Confucius replied: ‘To give rest to the elderly, trust to friends, and tenderness to the young’ ” (Analects V, 25). Rest. All of us—young and old alike—are lacking in rest. Where are we rushing to, so stressed, and increasingly so? Rest is one of Israel’s fundamental contributions to universal culture: “On the seventh day you shall rest,” and “every seventh year shall be a year of rest” for all (expressly including immigrants, animals, and the land), and “every fiftieth year you shall celebrate a jubilee year,” entailing the freeing of slaves, the forgiveness of all debts, and the return of sold or expropriated lands or properties. We ought to reflect on this too—and perhaps Israel itself should do so before anyone else. From this comes the Latin term jubilum and the Spanish term for retirement: jubilación. Let us, then, learn to seek rest. Let us learn how to rest.

However, Confucius teaches not only how the young ought to conduct themselves toward us—the elderly—but also what is required or expected of us, the older generation. “Confucius said: ‘The superior man guards against three things: when he is young and his blood and vital energy have not yet settled, he guards against lust; when he is in his prime and his blood and vital energy are robust, he guards against contention; when he grows old and his blood and vital energy decline, he guards against covetousness’” (16.7).

b) Laozi

I turn now to the other great ancient Chinese sage, a contemporary of Confucius: Laozi. He is almost certainly a legendary figure, yet this does not diminish in the slightest the value of the teachings attributed to him—teachings gathered in a remarkable little book that is as brief as it is illuminating, filled with imagery and brilliant paradoxes: the Dao De Jing. While old age as such is hardly talked about, it offers profound philosophical and spiritual insights that are undoubtedly valid for all stages of life, yet take on special relevance in old age.

For example: the secret to peace lies in emptying oneself (ch. 16); fullness is attained through renunciation (ch. 48); to grow too much is to age (ch. 55); he who hoards much loses much (ch. 44); he who seeks to hold onto something loses it (ch. 29); nothing is strongerthan a newborn child (ch. 55); the soft and flexible is stronger than the hard and rigid (ch. 10, 28, 79); profound wisdom consists of being like water—which rivals nothing, seeks the lowest place, and thus serves everyone (ch. 8, 66, 78).

Within the Taoist tradition, an entire system of alchemy—inherited from ancient Chinese practices—developed and spread; its aim was to achieve longevity and even immortality through the use of certain substances (such as the famous cinnabar, or mercury sulfide), breathing exercises, or energy practices designed to attain the fullness of vital energy. The Dao De Jing attributed to Laozi makes no mention whatsoever of such practices. Instead, it teaches that to attain fullness or eternity beyond our space and time, there is no other path than the emptying of the ego and the profound transformation that leads us to union with our deepest self—with the eternal, mysterious source of all that exists and all that we are: the eternal Dao. Chapter 16 serves as a fitting example:

The supreme rule is to attain emptiness;
the highest principle is to preserve peace.
Amidst the ceaseless activity of all things,
one beholds their return.
All beings flourish in the midst of agitation,
yet eventually return to their source.
Returning to the source is finding rest.
Rest is the return to one’s true destiny.
To return to one’s true destiny is to be eternal.
To know the eternal is enlightenment.
Not to know the eternal is to walk blindly toward ruin.
He who knows the eternal is patient,
he who is patient is a king,
he who is a king is like Heaven [cosmic order],
he who is like Heaven is one with the Dao,
he who is like the Dao will endure forever,
safe to the end of his life (Ch. 16).

www.josearregi.com

(to be continued)

GROWING BY DECREASING. A historical journey through the concept of old age (II)

GROWING BY DECREASING. A historical journey through the concept of old age (III)


 

 

martedì 22 settembre 2026

BURUNDI - FORMATION a.i.

 

Burundi: Formators meet for a seminar on Artificial Intelligence

The Episcopal Commission for Priestly and Religious Vocations, Seminaries, and Novitiates recently held a course for lecturers and formators in seminaries and religious houses of formation on Artificial Intelligence. The seminar was organised with Pope Leo XIV’s encyclical, Magnifica Humanitas, as its inspiration.

-Fr Dieudonné Niyibizi - Gitega

As Artificial Intelligence makes its way into all sectors of social life, the Catholic Church in Burundi has chosen not to remain on the sidelines of this transformation but to approach it with openness and vigilance. From this perspective, the Episcopal Commission for Priestly and Religious Vocations, Seminaries, and Novitiates recently convened a one-week seminar at its coordination offices, the National Vocations Centre in Gitega.

Reflections rooted in the Magisterium

During the gathering, formators began by looking at a broad overview of the history of human communication, from Palaeolithic cave engravings to the probabilistic calculations of today’s large language models and humankind’s quest for increasingly effective ways of transmitting knowledge. The quest is therefore not new.

Then, the formators reviewed modern-day technological evolution in light of the Church’s Magisterium, from Conciliar documents to the most recent texts.

Theological research and pastoral action

The seminar then addressed the concrete challenges Burundian houses of religious formation face daily. Alongside these challenges, the seminar also emphasised the real benefits Artificial Intelligence can bring to philosophical and theological research, as well as its structural limitations: a machine, no matter how advanced, does not possess faith, consciousness, or moral discernment, which are inherent to researchers and believers.

AI and pastoral life

On the pastoral level, the formators were able to assess how Artificial Intelligence already invests many areas of church life—from catechesis to homiletics—while clearly identifying what can never be delegated to it: faith, the absolute sacramental seal of the confessional, personalised spiritual direction and accompaniment, or human presence with those who are suffering.

A specific session also addressed ways to detect documents generated by Artificial Intelligence to preserve academic integrity in the work of seminarians and novices.

Synodality remained the guiding thread of the week-long seminar.

sabato 5 settembre 2026

LA PAIX ET L'EXPERANCE EN AFRIQUE

 


Journées 

Ouest-Africaines 

de la Jeunesse: 

faire grandir 

la paix et l’espérance


Les JOAJ-2026 s’ouvrent ce lundi 7 septembre à Accra, au Ghana. Pendant cinq jours, jusqu’au 12 septembre, des jeunes catholiques de 16 pays d’Afrique de l’Ouest sont invités à se retrouver autour du thème: «Prenez courage: les jeunes catholiques, acteurs et agents de paix et d’espérance en Afrique de l’Ouest».

Moriba Camara, S.J. - Cité du Vatican

La première journée est consacrée à l’accueil des délégations et à la découverte de la culture ghanéenne. Elle s’achèvera par une cérémonie de bienvenue, suivie d’une adoration eucharistique avec chapelet et méditation.

Mgr Kaboré: «qu'Accra 2026 bâtisse l'unité de la jeunesse»

Mardi 8 septembre, les jeunes entreront dans le thème de la foi et de la culture, avec pour fil conducteur: «Enracinés dans la foi, audacieux dans le témoignage». Après la messe d’ouverture, une attention sera portée, au cours d’un atelier sur l’«évangélisation numérique: La foi dans le fil de l’actualité – Utiliser les médias sociaux pour la mission». Et Une soirée culturelle permettra, ensuite, aux différentes délégations de partager leurs musiques, danses et expressions artistiques de leurs pays respectifs.

Les jeunes, acteurs de paix

La troisième journée, mercredi 9 septembre, sera consacrée au leadership et à l’engagement social, sous le thème «Fortifiés pour la mission». Les catéchèses avec les évêques et les ateliers du jour aborderont notamment le rôle des jeunes dans «le changement sociale en Afrique de l’Ouest», la justice climatique, la construction de la paix ainsi que la lutte contre le terrorisme, l’extrémisme violent et les conflits dans la Sous-région africaine.

Accra 2026: faire de la jeunesse ouest-africaine un moteur de paix et d'espérance

Les premières journées ouest-africaines de la jeunesse se tiendront du 7 au 12 septembre 2026 à Accra au Ghana. Initiées par la CERAO, ce rassemblement sous-régional autour du ...

Jeudi 10 septembre, les participants vivront une journée placée sous le signe du pèlerinage et de la solidarité avec pour thème: «Marcher ensemble dans la foi et le service». Ils découvriront notamment les vocations missionnaires et participerons à une journée mariale dans une paroisse d’Accra, avec une catéchèse sur Marie, la célébration du sacrement de réconciliation et de l’eucharistie. Marie y sera présentée comme «Reine de la paix et modèle de disciple pour les jeunes».

Le vendredi 11 septembre, les jeunes seront envoyés en mission avec le thème «Allez et faites grandir l’espérance». Une catéchèse avec les évêques les préparera à devenir «acteurs et agents de la paix», avant la messe solennelle de clôture présidée par Mgr Julien Kaboré, nonce apostolique au Ghana. Enfin, dans la matinée du samedi 12, les jeunes rejoindrons leurs différents pays, chargés d’une mission de paix, d’espérance et de réconciliation.

Vatican News

mercoledì 2 settembre 2026

CARE FOR CREATION

 


Care for Creation

 is 

a theological question


The document “Caring for Our Common Home” calls for a “responsible and fraternal response to the Triune God”. The ecological question is a theological question: the way we care for Creation reveals and shapes our relationship with God. The deterioration of the environment is alarming and urgent action is needed to ensure the sustainability of the planet. Everything is connected: we must listen to the cry of the Earth and the cry of the poor.


-By Isabella Piro

How can humanity respond, from a Christian perspective, to the “ecological and social crisis” into which it has fallen, a crisis that is “short-sighted and suicidal”? This is the question at the heart of the new document of the International Theological Commission (ITC), entitled “Caring for Our Common Home – A Responsible and Fraternal Response to the Triune God”. Published today, 2 September, with the authorisation of Pope Leo XIV, the text is the fruit of reflections carried out between 2022 and 2025.

The starting point is the “threefold transformation” that over the years has led to the loss of the spontaneous perception of nature as God’s creation; to the emergence of an increasingly anthropocentric and predatory vision in the relationship between humanity and Creation; and to the spread of a planetary crisis.

No one is a monad; everything is connected

The document is divided into three chapters. The first, “The Common Home, Work of the Triune God”, emphasises the “imprint not only of God, but of the Trinity”, in Creation. This is explored through the teaching of four Doctors of the Church: Augustine of Hippo, Hildegard of Bingen, Bonaventure of Bagnoregio and Thomas Aquinas.

This Trinitarian imprint has the features of sacramentality — that is, it is a sign of “a sacred and hidden reality” that finds its “highest elevation” in the Eucharist — and of interrelationship, since human beings respond to their vocation by correctly developing their relationships with God, with others and with Creation.

This means, the ITC highlights, practising “filial gratuitousness towards God”; “solidarity and mercy towards one’s neighbour”; and “care for the Common Home”. It is a question of balance: “Nothing and no one is a monad,” the document states. “Everything is interrelated” to form “a single community of life”.

The origin of the universe according to science and faith

The first chapter also develops a dialogue with some scientific and philosophical views of the cosmos, such as immanentism, pantheism and supernaturalism, showing how faith in God the Creator offers something that science cannot provide, even as it “legitimately” investigates the earliest stages of the universe.

While cosmology reflects on how the world came into being, faith explains why: God gives the universe a metaphysical, not merely physical, origin, and freely calls into existence that which would not exist in itself.

The Sabbath principle

The second chapter, “The human being in the Common Home”, opens with a reflection on human beings created in the “image and likeness of God”, providing an opportunity to reaffirm that differences — of ethnicity, gender, culture, social or economic status — in no way imply a hierarchical gradation. Using them to discriminate against or subjugate another departs from God’s plan.

The document then emphasises the importance of the “Sabbath principle”, which, one day a week, allows the Earth to rest in respect of its original rhythms, and humanity to give thanks to the Lord through prayer.

This principle also teaches people to “adopt a disinterested gaze, freed from the appetite to possess, dominate or attack”.

Call for ecological conversion

The ITC then summarizes some “very alarming data on ecological deterioration”: the loss of biological diversity, which “is not an exotic luxury” but “a key factor” for food security; air pollution; the deterioration of water quality; war, which “brutally” accelerates the destruction of the environment; and the “extremely serious” repercussions of all this on the poorest, whose natural resources are exploited and who are forced to migrate.

Hence the strong appeal launched by the Commission: in the face of an “unprecedented” ecological crisis, not only scientific and technical solutions are needed — such as substantial changes in systems of production, consumption, transport and energy use — but also and above all “, a change in cultural values”, a genuine ecological conversion in the way people live.

Sin against Creation and against the Creator

In this regard, the document proposes speaking of “sin against Creation and against the Creator”, a theological formulation that links environmental harm to rejection of God’s plan for creation, while avoiding both purely scientific language, such as “ecocide”, and the dispersal of responsibility.

The present historical moment, in fact, “requires everyone, beginning with those responsible for public life, to take urgent action in favour of the sustainability of the planet and the habitability of the Common Home. This is not only an ethical requirement, but also a theological one”.

The Eucharist, “ecological school”

The perspective of faith also leads to the rejection of “two unacceptable extremes”: predatory anthropocentrism, which considers humanity the “absolute master of all creation”, and biocentrism or ecocentrism, which absolutises nature.

The Christian proposal, instead, is that of a “situated anthropocentrism” — an expression of Pope Francis taken up by Pope Leo XIV — which places human beings as “stewards and servants of Creation”: they are called both to care responsibly for the Common Home, in accordance with “the mind and legitimate interests of the owner”, who is God; and to cooperate with the divine plan through “generous service”.

This twofold vocation finds its culmination in the Eucharist, an “ecological school” through which “a positive and proactive attitude towards nature” is promoted, that is, far removed from utilitarian or fearfully defensive approaches.

Jubilee logic and ecological spirituality

The third chapter, “Care for the Common Home”, offers some practical guidelines, organised around five fundamental relationships of the person.

From the relationship with God comes “Jubilee logic”: based on fraternity and solidarity, which “set an insurmountable limit to greed in the use of the Earth”, as well as on the gratuitousness and humility of those who “do not give in to the impulse to take possession of everything”, this logic leads to social justice.

From the relationship with oneself comes “an ecological spirituality”: faced with the current technocratic paradigm, which imposes frenetic rhythms on work and on personal, family, social and religious life, this spirituality looks to the Benedictine ora et labora to encourage a healthy, attentive and responsible lifestyle, including consumption (“every act of purchasing is a moral act”).

The cry of the Earth and of the poor

From the relationship with Creation come principles such as reverence; sustainability (“an indispensable criterion that must regulate the system of life and the economic model that sustains it”); listening to the “shattering cry” of the Earth, “tragically linked to the cry of the poor”, who suffer most from “the consequences of the mistreatment of the planet”; respect for life, which allows human beings to use natural resources according to necessity and moderation, rather than through indiscriminate exploitation; asceticism and fasting, a moral response to the overexploitation of resources, especially in wealthy countries; and a differentiated commitment according to the responsibilities of different nations.

The sacredness of human life and the rejection of war

Again, from the relationship with one’s neighbour emerge the sacredness of human life — an unconditional and inalienable right that States must protect and promote, including through the rejection of war —; the universal destination of goods — according to Christian Tradition, “private property is not an absolute right” and therefore the Common Home must also be cared for on behalf of future generations —; fraternity, an antidote to violence, injustice and a  “false, selfish, atrocious and greedy” individualism; mercy, since without love, human life moves away from God and becomes subhuman; and the preferential option for the poor, who are increasingly exposed to environmental degradation and increasingly deprived of resources to mitigate its effects.

Interreligious cooperation

As the fifth and final relationship, the ITC reflects on the contribution to the care of Creation offered by different religions: Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, African religions, and the Indigenous religions of the Americas and Oceania.

Particular attention is given to the elements they have most in common: the interconnectedness of everything that exists, the duty to respect all living beings, and human responsibility.

Therefore, “from the standpoint of the Christian faith, the doors are open to interreligious cooperation in the common task of respectfully caring for all Creation, in the service of the flourishing of life and communion with the Transcendent, who is at the origin and is the foundation of all life”.

Moral responsibility

In the conclusion of the document, the Commission reaffirms that the ecological question is ultimately a theological question: the way in which Creation is cared for reveals and shapes our relationship with God himself.

Freedom and moral responsibility remain the indispensable foundation of every authentic ecological commitment.

The text therefore calls for an “ecological turning point” that is both cultural and spiritual — following the example of St Francis of Assisi — and concludes on a note of hope: however serious the environmental crisis may be, it does not undermine trust in God, who makes “all things new”.

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Vatican news

POWER -POVOIR - PODER


en - fr  - es ****

 MESSAGE OF HIS HOLINESS POPE LEO XIV

TO THE PARTICIPANTS IN THE PLENARY SESSION OF THE PONTIFICAL ACADEMY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES


I was pleased to learn of the plenary session of the Pontifical Academy of Social Sciences , and I extend my prayerful good wishes to all participants. I express my gratitude to Cardinal Peter Turkson for his dedicated service as Chancellor of the Academy. I likewise thank your President, Sister Helen Alford, for choosing the theme: “The Uses of Power: Legitimacy , Democracy, and the Rewriting of the International Order.” This is a particularly timely topic, focusing our reflection on the exercise of power, a crucial element in building peace within and among nations at this time of profound global change.

Catholic social doctrine views power not as an end in itself, but as a means directed to the common good. This implies that the legitimacy of authority does not depend on the accumulation of economic or technological power, but on the wisdom and virtue with which it is exercised (cf. Catechism of the Catholic Church , no. 1903). For wisdom enables us to discern and pursue the true and the good, rather than superficial possessions and vainglory, in the circumstances of daily life. This wisdom is inseparable from the moral virtues, which strengthen our desire to promote the common good. In particular, we know that justice and fortitude are indispensable for making thoughtful decisions and implementing them. Temperance also proves essential to the legitimate use of authority, since true temperance curbs excessive self-exaltation and serves as a barrier against the abuse of power.

This understanding of legitimate power finds one of its highest expressions in authentic democracy. Far from being a mere procedure, democracy recognizes the dignity of every person and invites each citizen to participate responsibly in the pursuit of the common good. Reflecting this conviction, Saint John Paul II affirmed that the Church values democracy because it guarantees participation in political decisions and "the possibility both of electing and holding accountable those who govern oneself, and of replacing them peacefully, when appropriate" ( Centesimus annus , n. 46). However, democracy remains healthy only when it is rooted in the moral law and a true vision of the human person. Without this foundation, it risks becoming either a majoritarian tyranny or a mask for the domination of economic and technological elites.

The same principles that guide the exercise of authority within nations must also inform the international order, a truth especially important to remember at a time when strategic rivalries and shifting alliances are reshaping global relations. We must remember that a just and stable international order cannot emerge from a mere balance of power or a purely technocratic logic. The concentration of technological, economic, and military power in the hands of a few threatens both democratic participation among peoples and international harmony.

In this regard, my predecessors have expressed the need for updated institutions and a universal authority (cf. John Paul II, Centesimus annus , n. 58; Pacem in terris , n. 137), inspired by the principle of subsidiarity (cf. Benedict XVI, Caritas in veritate , n. 57). The development of such a global community of fraternity requires "the best politics, placed at the service of the true common good" (Francis, Fratelli tutti , n. 154). In fact, it is "more necessary than ever to boldly rethink the modalities of international cooperation" ( Visit to the FAO headquarters on the occasion of World Food Day , 16 October 2025, n. 7).

Ultimately, when earthly powers threaten the tranquility ordinis —the classic Augustinian definition of peace—we must draw hope from the Kingdom of God, which, while not of this world, sheds light on the realities of this world and reveals their eschatological meaning. From this perspective of faith, we are reminded that God's omnipotence is manifested above all in mercy and forgiveness (cf. Thomas Aquinas , Summa Theologiae , I, q. 25, a. 3, ad 3); divine power does not dominate, but rather heals and restores. It is precisely this logic of charity that must animate history, since human activity inspired by charity helps shape the "earthly city" in unity and peace, making it—albeit imperfectly—an anticipation and prefiguration of the "City of God" (cf. Benedict XVI, Caritas in veritate , n. 7). This faith strengthens our determination to build a culture of reconciliation capable of overcoming the pitfalls of indifference and impotence (cf. Address to religious leaders participating in the International Meeting of Prayer for Peace , 28 October 2025).

With these sentiments, I sincerely hope that your reflections in these days will provide valuable insights into the legitimate uses of power, the criteria of authentic democracy, and the type of international order that serves the common good. In this way, your work will significantly contribute to building a global culture of reconciliation and peace, a peace that is not simply the fragile absence of conflict, but the fruit of justice, born of an authority humbly placed at the service of every human being and the entire human family.

May the Holy Spirit, the source of all charity and the bond of unity and peace, enlighten your minds and sustain your efforts. I willingly invoke God's abundant blessings upon all of you.

_____________________________________________

MESSAGE DE SA SAINTETÉ LE PAPE LÉON XIV
AUX PARTICIPANTS À LA SESSION PLÉNIÈRE DE L'ACADÉMIE PONTIFICIELLE DES SCIENCES SOCIALES

J’ai appris avec plaisir la tenue de la session plénière de l’ Académie pontificale des sciences sociales et j’adresse mes vœux les plus sincères à tous les participants. J’exprime ma gratitude au cardinal Peter Turkson pour son dévouement en tant que chancelier de l’Académie. Je remercie également votre présidente, sœur Helen Alford, d’avoir choisi le thème : « Les usages du pouvoir : légitimité , démocratie et redéfinition de l’ordre international ». Ce sujet, d’une actualité brûlante, nous invite à réfléchir sur l’exercice du pouvoir, élément crucial pour la construction de la paix au sein des nations et entre elles, en cette période de profonds bouleversements mondiaux.

La doctrine sociale de l'Église catholique conçoit le pouvoir non comme une fin en soi, mais comme un moyen au service du bien commun. Cela implique que la légitimité de l'autorité ne dépend pas de l'accumulation de puissance économique ou technologique, mais de la sagesse et de la vertu avec lesquelles elle est exercée (cf. Catéchisme de l'Église catholique , n° 1903). Car la sagesse nous permet de discerner et de rechercher le vrai et le bien, plutôt que les possessions superficielles et la vaine gloire, dans les circonstances de la vie quotidienne. Cette sagesse est indissociable des vertus morales, qui renforcent notre désir de promouvoir le bien commun. En particulier, nous savons que la justice et la force d'âme sont indispensables pour prendre des décisions réfléchies et les mettre en œuvre. La tempérance se révèle également essentielle à l'usage légitime de l'autorité, car la véritable tempérance freine l'orgueil et constitue un rempart contre l'abus de pouvoir.

Cette conception du pouvoir légitime trouve l'une de ses plus hautes expressions dans la démocratie authentique. Loin d'être une simple procédure, la démocratie reconnaît la dignité de chaque personne et invite chaque citoyen à participer de manière responsable à la poursuite du bien commun. Reflétant cette conviction, saint Jean-Paul II affirmait que l'Église valorise la démocratie car elle garantit la participation aux décisions politiques et « la possibilité d'élire et de demander des comptes à ceux qui nous gouvernent, et de les remplacer pacifiquement, le cas échéant » ( Centesimus). (annus , n° 46). Cependant, la démocratie ne demeure saine que lorsqu'elle s'enracine dans la loi morale et une juste conception de la personne humaine. Sans ce fondement, elle risque de devenir soit une tyrannie majoritaire, soit un masque dissimulant la domination des élites économiques et technologiques.

Les mêmes principes qui régissent l'exercice de l'autorité au sein des nations doivent également guider l'ordre international, une vérité particulièrement importante à garder à l'esprit à l'heure où les rivalités stratégiques et les alliances mouvantes redessinent le paysage des relations mondiales. Il est essentiel de se rappeler qu'un ordre international juste et stable ne saurait se fonder sur un simple équilibre des puissances ou sur une logique purement technocratique. La concentration des pouvoirs technologiques, économiques et militaires entre les mains de quelques-uns menace à la fois la participation démocratique des peuples et l'harmonie internationale.

À cet égard, mes prédécesseurs ont exprimé la nécessité d’institutions modernisées et d’une autorité universelle (cf. Jean-Paul II, Centésime) . annus , n° 58 ; Pacem in terris , n° 137), inspirée par le principe de subsidiarité (cf. Benoît XVI, Caritas in veritate , n° 57). Le développement d’une telle communauté mondiale de fraternité exige « la meilleure politique, mise au service du véritable bien commun » (François, Fratelli tutti , n° 154). En effet, il est « plus nécessaire que jamais de repenser avec audace les modalités de la coopération internationale » ( Visite au siège de la FAO à l’occasion de la Journée mondiale de l’alimentation , 16 octobre 2025, n° 7).

En fin de compte, lorsque les puissances terrestres menacent la tranquillité Selon la définition augustinienne classique de la paix (ordinis ), nous devons puiser notre espérance dans le Royaume de Dieu qui, bien que n'étant pas de ce monde, éclaire les réalités terrestres et en révèle le sens eschatologique. Dans cette perspective de foi, il nous est rappelé que l'omnipotence de Dieu se manifeste avant tout dans la miséricorde et le pardon (cf. Thomas d'Aquin , Somme théologique , I, q. 25, a. 3, ad 3) ; la puissance divine ne domine pas, mais guérit et restaure. C'est précisément cette logique de la charité qui doit animer l'histoire, car l'activité humaine inspirée par la charité contribue à façonner la « cité terrestre » dans l'unité et la paix, faisant d'elle – quoique de manière imparfaite – une anticipation et une préfiguration de la « Cité de Dieu » (cf. Benoît XVI, Caritas in veritate , n° 7). Cette foi renforce notre détermination à bâtir une culture de réconciliation capable de surmonter les pièges de l’indifférence et de l’impuissance (cf. Discours aux responsables religieux participant à la Rencontre internationale de prière pour la paix , 28 octobre 2025).

Dans cet esprit, j'espère sincèrement que vos réflexions de ces jours-ci apporteront un éclairage précieux sur les usages légitimes du pouvoir, les critères d'une démocratie authentique et le type d'ordre international qui sert le bien commun. Ainsi, votre travail contribuera de manière significative à l'édification d'une culture mondiale de réconciliation et de paix, une paix qui ne se réduit pas à une fragile absence de conflit, mais qui est le fruit de la justice, née d'une autorité humblement placée au service de chaque être humain et de l'humanité tout entière.

Que le Saint-Esprit, source de toute charité et lien d’unité et de paix, éclaire vos esprits et soutient vos efforts. Je prie Dieu de vous combler de ses grâces.

---------------------------------------------------------------

MENSAJE DE SU SANTIDAD EL PAPA LEÓN XIV
A LOS PARTICIPANTES EN LA SESIÓN PLENARIA DE LA ACADEMIA PONTIFICIAL DE CIENCIAS SOCIALES

Me complace haber recibido la convocatoria de la sesión plenaria de la Academia Pontificia de Ciencias Sociales y extiendo mis mejores deseos a todos los participantes. Expreso mi gratitud al Cardenal Peter Turkson por su dedicada labor como Canciller de la Academia. Asimismo, agradezco a su Presidenta, la Hermana Helen Alford, por haber elegido el tema: «Los usos del poder: legitimidad , democracia y la reescritura del orden internacional». Este es un tema particularmente oportuno, que centra nuestra reflexión en el ejercicio del poder, un elemento crucial para la construcción de la paz dentro y entre las naciones en este momento de profundos cambios globales.

La doctrina social católica considera el poder no como un fin en sí mismo, sino como un medio para el bien común. Esto implica que la legitimidad de la autoridad no depende de la acumulación de poder económico o tecnológico, sino de la sabiduría y la virtud con que se ejerce (cf. Catecismo de la Iglesia Católica , n.º 1903). Pues la sabiduría nos permite discernir y buscar lo verdadero y lo bueno, en lugar de las posesiones superficiales y la vanagloria, en las circunstancias de la vida cotidiana. Esta sabiduría es inseparable de las virtudes morales, que fortalecen nuestro deseo de promover el bien común. En particular, sabemos que la justicia y la fortaleza son indispensables para tomar decisiones meditadas y llevarlas a cabo. La templanza también resulta esencial para el uso legítimo de la autoridad, ya que la verdadera templanza frena la excesiva autoexaltación y sirve de barrera contra el abuso de poder.

Esta comprensión del poder legítimo encuentra una de sus más altas expresiones en la auténtica democracia. Lejos de ser un mero procedimiento, la democracia reconoce la dignidad de cada persona e invita a cada ciudadano a participar responsablemente en la búsqueda del bien común. Reflejando esta convicción, san Juan Pablo II afirmó que la Iglesia valora la democracia porque garantiza la participación en las decisiones políticas y «la posibilidad tanto de elegir y exigir responsabilidades a quienes nos gobiernan, como de sustituirlos pacíficamente, cuando sea necesario» ( Centesimus). annus , n. 46). Sin embargo, la democracia solo se mantiene sana cuando está arraigada en la ley moral y en una visión auténtica de la persona humana. Sin este fundamento, corre el riesgo de convertirse en una tiranía mayoritaria o en una máscara para la dominación de las élites económicas y tecnológicas.

Los mismos principios que rigen el ejercicio de la autoridad dentro de las naciones deben también regir el orden internacional, una verdad especialmente importante en un momento en que las rivalidades estratégicas y las alianzas cambiantes están transformando las relaciones globales. Debemos recordar que un orden internacional justo y estable no puede surgir de un simple equilibrio de poder ni de una lógica puramente tecnocrática. La concentración del poder tecnológico, económico y militar en manos de unos pocos amenaza tanto la participación democrática entre los pueblos como la armonía internacional.

En este sentido, mis predecesores han expresado la necesidad de instituciones actualizadas y una autoridad universal (cf. Juan Pablo II, Centesimus annus , n. 58; Pacem in terris , n. 137), inspirada por el principio de subsidiariedad (cf. Benedicto XVI, Caritas in veritate , n. 57). El desarrollo de una comunidad global de fraternidad de este tipo requiere «la mejor política, puesta al servicio del verdadero bien común» (Francisco, Fratelli tutti , n. 154). De hecho, es «más necesario que nunca repensar audazmente las modalidades de la cooperación internacional» ( Visita a la sede de la FAO con motivo del Día Mundial de la Alimentación , 16 de octubre de 2025, n. 7).

En última instancia, cuando los poderes terrenales amenazan la tranquilidad En la definición clásica agustiniana de paz, debemos depositar nuestra esperanza en el Reino de Dios, que, si bien no es de este mundo, ilumina las realidades terrenales y revela su significado escatológico. Desde esta perspectiva de fe, recordamos que la omnipotencia de Dios se manifiesta sobre todo en la misericordia y el perdón (cf. Tomás de Aquino , Summa Theologiae , I, q. 25, a. 3, ad 3); el poder divino no domina, sino que sana y restaura. Es precisamente esta lógica de la caridad la que debe animar la historia, puesto que la actividad humana inspirada por la caridad contribuye a dar forma a la «ciudad terrenal» en unidad y paz, convirtiéndola —aunque imperfectamente— en una anticipación y prefiguración de la «Ciudad de Dios» (cf. Benedicto XVI, Caritas in veritate , n. 7). Esta fe fortalece nuestra determinación de construir una cultura de reconciliación capaz de superar las trampas de la indiferencia y la impotencia (cf. Discurso a los líderes religiosos que participan en el Encuentro Internacional de Oración por la Paz , 28 de octubre de 2025).

Con estos sentimientos, espero sinceramente que sus reflexiones en estos días aporten valiosas perspectivas sobre los usos legítimos del poder, los criterios de una democracia auténtica y el tipo de orden internacional que sirve al bien común. De este modo, su trabajo contribuirá significativamente a la construcción de una cultura global de reconciliación y paz, una paz que no sea simplemente la frágil ausencia de conflicto, sino el fruto de la justicia, nacida de una autoridad humildemente puesta al servicio de cada ser humano y de toda la humanidad.

Que el Espíritu Santo, fuente de toda caridad y vínculo de unidad y paz, ilumine vuestras mentes y sostenga vuestros esfuerzos. Invoco con fervor las abundantes bendiciones de Dios sobre todos vosotros.

 www.vatican.va 

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